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Section: Research > Methods/Tools

Properties of Emulsions: Structure and Skin Penetration

This work studied the influence of emulsion type and structure on the penetration of vitamins as cosmetic active ingredients. An emulsion of the w/o type and two different o/w emulsions were compared with an oil solution as a standard. A systematic in vitro study of penetration into the stratum corneum and the living skin was performed with the isolated perfused bovide udder skin model. The results substantiate the influence of emulsion type and stucture on the degree of penetration of water-soluble and oil-soluble vitamins into the skin.

Liquid splash

Comparatively Speaking: Types of Flow Behavior

The following excerpt is adapted from an article by Kelly Dobos of Kao Corp. that discusses fluid viscosity of cosmetic products, specifically types of flow behavior, which can be used by the formulator to determine the rheological properties of formulations.

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Cold Processing of Emulsions

The use and application of emulsions and emulsion science are widespread through the personal care industry. Conventional methods for processing emulsions require significant quantities of energy and time, thus cold process emulsion technologies have gained popularity. These provide the means to reduce both the energy demand and timescale of manufacturing processes, as will be described here.

Properties of Surfactants: Emulsions

The metastable nature of two insoluble materials is critical to understanding the nature and performance of emulsions. This metastability and the requirement that the emulsion be cosmetically appealing offer unique challenges to the formulator.

Cold Processing of Emulsions

The use and application of emulsions and emulsion science are widespread through the personal care industry. Conventional methods for processing emulsions require significant quantities of energy and time, thus cold process emulsion technologies have gained popularity. These provide the means to reduce both the energy demand and timescale of manufacturing processes, as will be described here.

Visualizing the Impact of Emulsifiers on Emulsion Perception

This paper describes an approach to systematically investigate the intrinsic effects of emulsifiers, quantify them and translate them into consumer preferences. These are processed mathematically and displayed in a simplified, two-dimensional map to assist formulation work.

Properties of O/W Emulsions with Anisotropic Lamellar Phases

In cosmetic and pharmaceutical creams and lotions, fatty alcohols are well-known as viscosity modifiers. In addition, Schulmann and Cockbain found that the stability of oil-in-water emulsions was greatly increased by addition of cetyl alcohol.

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The Perplexing Topic of Hair 'Type': How Do We Classify Hair?

Most hair-related properties and issues can be rationalized by fiber size and shape, and/or the consequences of extreme conditions. However, the varying reactivity of different hair types with chemical treatments suggests potential differences in structure.

Visualizing the Impact of Emulsifiers on Emulsion Perception

This paper describes an approach to systematically investigate the intrinsic effects of emulsifiers, quantify them and translate them into consumer preferences. These are processed mathematically and displayed in a simplified, two-dimensional map to assist formulation work.

Powder-Makeup

Patent Picks—Microbe Separation, Emulsion Arrays and Salicylic Acid Delivery From Powder

Patent Picks are compiled by the editors from publicly available sources. This edition features processes for identifying microorganisms, forming emulsion arrays and delivering salicylic acid from powder.

Emulsion

Emulsion vs. Invert Emulsion

Industry expert Tony O'Lenick explains the differences between the structure and function of an emulsion and an invert emulsion.

Comparatively Speaking: Emulsion vs. Invert Emulsion

Industry expert Tony O'Lenick explains the difference between an emulsion and an invert emulsion.

Comparatively Speaking: Ten Cosmetic Formula Types

Cosmetic formulas include solutions, creams/emulsions, lotions, ointments/pastes, suspensions, tablets, powders, gels, sticks and aerosols. Here, Tony O'Lenick turns to Perry Romanowski to discuss their differences.

Shiseido Employs Iced Coffee-inspired Emulsion Technology

Shiseido has developed a low energy emulsifying technology inspired by the way iced coffee is produced.

Clear vs. Chromatic Emulsion

The chemist has developed a number of technologies that allow for more cosmetically elegant emulsions, including clear emulsions and chromatic emulsions, which are not the same.

Multiple Emulsions: Applications in Cosmetics

Multiple emulsions and factors affecting their preparation are discussed in this article that also lists the advantages of each of the two main types—w/o/w and o/w/o—and gives examples of each in cosmetic formulations.

Microchannel Processing: A Novel Approach to Making Emulsions

In the present article, microchannel emulsification is explored as a process method that precisely adds a dispersed phase into a continuous phase through an engineered dispersion plate. This approach is shown to produce emulsions with smaller droplets having tighter size distributions than conventional means, which leads to stable products with the limited need, if any, for surfactants.

Formulating Water-in-Oil Emulsions: A Scary Endeavor

Formulating water-in-oil emulsions is inherently more difficult than oil-in-water emulsions.

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